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Sedimentation is a physical water treatment process using gravity to remove suspended solids from water.〔 Solid particles entrained by the turbulence of moving water may be removed naturally by sedimentation in the still water of lakes and oceans. Settling basins are ponds constructed for the purpose of removing entrained solids by sedimentation.〔 Clarifiers are tanks built with mechanical means for continuous removal of solids being deposited by sedimentation.〔 ==Basics== Suspended solids (or SS), is the mass of dry solids retained by a filter of a given porosity related to the volume of the water sample. This includes particles of a size not lower than 10 μm. Colloids are particles of a size between 0.001 µm and 1 µm depending on the method of quantification. Because of Brownian motion and electrostatic forces balancing the gravity, they are not likely to settle naturally. The limit sedimentation velocity of a particle is its theoretical descending speed in clear and still water. In settling process theory, a particle will settle only if: #In a vertical ascending flow, the ascending water velocity is lower than the limit sedimentation velocity. #In a longitudinal flow, the ratio of the length of the tank to the height of the tank is higher than the ratio of the water velocity to the limit sedimentation velocity. Removal of suspended particles by sedimentation depends upon the size and specific gravity of those particles. Suspended solids retained on a filter may remain in suspension if their specific gravity is similar to water while very dense particles passing through the filter may settle. Settleable solids are measured as the visible volume accumulated at the bottom of an Imhoff cone after water has settled for one hour.〔 Gravitational theory is employed, alongside the derivation from Newton's second law and the Navier–Stokes equations. :V_s=√(4/3 ((ρ_p-ρ_d)/ρ_p ) ) (gd_p)/C_d (1) Stokes' law explains the relationship between the settling rate and the particle diameter. Under specific conditions, the particle settling rate is directly proportional to the square of particle diameter and inversely proportional to liquid viscosity.〔Beatop (Zhuhai) Instruments Ltd., Zhuhai, China. ("The Technology and Application of Sedimentation Particle Size Measurement." ) Accessed 13 October 2013.〕 The settling velocity, defined as the residence time taken for the particles to settle in the tank, enables the calculation of tank volume. Precise design and operation of a sedimentation tank is of high importance in order to keep the amount of sediment entering the diversion system to a minimum threshold by maintaining the transport system and stream stability to remove the sediment diverted from the system. This is achieved by reducing stream velocity as low as possible for the longest period of time possible. This is feasible by widening the approach channel and lowering its floor to reduce flow velocity thus allowing sediment to settle out of suspension due to gravity. The settling behavior of heavier particulates is also affected by the turbulence.〔Boeriu, P., Roelvink, J. A., Simanjuntak, T. D., "Consideration on The Sedimentation Process in a Settling Basin." ''J. Hydrol. Hydromech.'' 2009, pp. 16-25.〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Sedimentation (water treatment)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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